Difference between revisions of "Capacitors"

From pwiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 5: Line 5:
*[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/10-5-rc-circuits University Physics Volume 2: Chapter 10.5 - RC Circuits]
*[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/10-5-rc-circuits University Physics Volume 2: Chapter 10.5 - RC Circuits]


= Intro =
= What is a Capacitor and what is Capacitance =
A capacitor is an electronic component that stores electrical energy in an electric field, created between two conductive plates separated by an insulating material (called a dielectric). Capacitance is the measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge per unit voltage, typically measured in farads (F).
A capacitor is an electronic component that stores electrical energy in an electric field, created between two conductive plates separated by an insulating material (called a dielectric). Capacitance is the measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge per unit voltage, typically measured in farads (F).



Revision as of 10:15, 18 September 2024

Electronic components capacitor.jpg

Textbook

What is a Capacitor and what is Capacitance

A capacitor is an electronic component that stores electrical energy in an electric field, created between two conductive plates separated by an insulating material (called a dielectric). Capacitance is the measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge per unit voltage, typically measured in farads (F).

Capacitors are widely used in various applications, including:

  • **Energy storage** (e.g., in power supplies)
  • **Filtering** (e.g., in electronic circuits to smooth out fluctuations in voltage)
  • **Timing circuits** (e.g., controlling signal timing in oscillators)
  • **Signal coupling and decoupling** (e.g., in audio equipment).

Their ability to store and release energy quickly makes them essential in electronics.

Formulas

Capacitance Definition

The capacitance C of a capacitor is defined as the ratio of the charge Q stored on one plate to the voltage V across the plates.

  • Where:*
  • *C* is the capacitance (in farads, F)
  • *Q* is the charge (in coulombs, C)
  • *V* is the voltage (in volts, V)

Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor

For a parallel plate capacitor, the capacitance depends on the area A of the plates, the separation d between them, and the permittivity ε of the dielectric material between the plates.

  • Where:*
  • *C* is the capacitance (in farads, F)
  • *ε* is the permittivity of the dielectric material (in farads per meter, F/m)
  • *A* is the area of one plate (in square meters, m²)
  • *d* is the separation between the plates (in meters, m)

Energy Stored in a Capacitor

The energy E stored in a charged capacitor is proportional to its capacitance and the square of the voltage across it.

  • Where:*
  • *E* is the energy stored (in joules, J)
  • *C* is the capacitance (in farads, F)
  • *V* is the voltage (in volts, V)

Energy Density in a Capacitor

The energy density u represents the energy stored per unit volume in the electric field between the plates.

  • Where:*
  • *u* is the energy density (in joules per cubic meter, J/m³)
  • *ε* is the permittivity of the material (in farads per meter, F/m)
  • *E* is the electric field strength (in volts per meter, V/m)

Equivalent Capacitance in Series

For capacitors connected in series, the reciprocal of the total (or equivalent) capacitance is the sum of the reciprocals of the individual capacitances.

  • Where:*
  • *C_eq* is the equivalent capacitance (in farads, F)
  • *C_1, C_2, \dots, C_n* are the individual capacitances (in farads, F)

Equivalent Capacitance in Parallel

For capacitors connected in parallel, the total capacitance is the sum of the individual capacitances.

  • Where:*
  • *C_eq* is the equivalent capacitance (in farads, F)
  • *C_1, C_2, \dots, C_n* are the individual capacitances (in farads, F)

Capacitor Discharge (Voltage over Time)

During the discharge of a capacitor through a resistor, the voltage decreases exponentially over time.

  • Where:*
  • *V(t)* is the voltage at time t (in volts, V)
  • *V_0* is the initial voltage (in volts, V)
  • *R* is the resistance (in ohms, Ω)
  • *C* is the capacitance (in farads, F)
  • *t* is time (in seconds, s)

Capacitor Charging (Voltage over Time)

During charging, the voltage across a capacitor increases exponentially, approaching its final value.

  • Where:*
  • *V(t)* is the voltage at time t (in volts, V)
  • *V_0* is the final voltage (in volts, V)
  • *R* is the resistance (in ohms, Ω)
  • *C* is the capacitance (in farads, F)
  • *t* is time (in seconds, s)


Videos

Capacitors

Capacitors in Series and in Parallel

Build your own capacitor


Simulations



Other Links