Difference between revisions of "Magnetic Fields"
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Materials such as iron, cobalt, and nickel exhibit strong magnetic properties due to the alignment of their atomic magnetic moments. Ferromagnetic domains align to create a net magnetic field. Electromagnets use electric current to generate a magnetic field. The magnetic field strength is proportional to the current and the number of coils. | Materials such as iron, cobalt, and nickel exhibit strong magnetic properties due to the alignment of their atomic magnetic moments. Ferromagnetic domains align to create a net magnetic field. Electromagnets use electric current to generate a magnetic field. The magnetic field strength is proportional to the current and the number of coils. All magnets have a north and south pole. Unlike poles attract and like poles repel. It is impossible to separate north from the south poles. | ||
All magnets have a north and south pole. Unlike poles attract and like poles repel. It is impossible to separate north from the south poles. | |||
The magnetic properties of materials arise from: | The magnetic properties of materials arise from: | ||
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* The orbital motion of electrons around the nucleus. | * The orbital motion of electrons around the nucleus. | ||
Application of Ferromagnets and Electromagnets include: | |||
* MRI machines | * MRI machines | ||
* Hard drives | * Data Storage (Hard drives, Audio Tape) | ||
* Electric motors | * Electric motors | ||
= Magnetic Field Lines = | = Magnetic Field Lines = |
Revision as of 11:34, 16 October 2024
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Textbook
Ferromagnets and Electromagnets
Materials such as iron, cobalt, and nickel exhibit strong magnetic properties due to the alignment of their atomic magnetic moments. Ferromagnetic domains align to create a net magnetic field. Electromagnets use electric current to generate a magnetic field. The magnetic field strength is proportional to the current and the number of coils. All magnets have a north and south pole. Unlike poles attract and like poles repel. It is impossible to separate north from the south poles.
The magnetic properties of materials arise from:
- The spin of electrons,
- The orbital motion of electrons around the nucleus.
Application of Ferromagnets and Electromagnets include:
- MRI machines
- Data Storage (Hard drives, Audio Tape)
- Electric motors
Magnetic Field Lines
Magnetic field lines represent the direction and strength of the magnetic field.
- Magnetic field lines flow from the north pole to the south pole of a magnet.
Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field
Force on a Moving Charge
The force on a moving charge in a magnetic field is given by the Lorentz force:
- Formula:
Where: * is the velocity of the charge, * denotes the cross product.
Applications
Northern Lights
Charged particles from the solar wind are guided by the Earth's magnetic field, exciting atmospheric gases and producing visible light.
Van Allen Belt
Regions of trapped charged particles in the Earth's magnetic field. These particles spiral along magnetic field lines.
Mass Spectrometer
Used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions.
- Formula:
Where: * is the radius of the ion's path, * is the ion's mass, * is the ion's velocity, * is the charge, * is the magnetic field strength.
Cyclotron
A type of particle accelerator that uses a perpendicular magnetic field to accelerate charged particles in a circular path.
- Formula:
Crossed Fields
Force on a Moving Charge due to Electric and Magnetic Fields
The force on a charge moving in both electric and magnetic fields is:
- Formula:
Thomson Experiment (Discovery of the Electron)
Used crossed electric and magnetic fields to determine the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron.
Hall Effect
The creation of a voltage difference across an electrical conductor, transverse to the electric current and the applied magnetic field.
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire
The force on a wire of length carrying current in a magnetic field is:
- Formula:
Torque on a Current Loop - the Electric Motor
A current loop in a magnetic field experiences torque, which is the basis for electric motors.
- Formula:
Where: * is the torque, * is the number of loops, * is the current, * is the area of the loop, * is the magnetic field, * is the angle between the magnetic field and the normal to the loop.
Simulations
Understanding the earth's magnetic field:
- Bar Magnet and compass
- Earth's magnetic Field
- demo of magnetic field lines with iron filings (one magnet)
- demo of magnetic field lines with iron filings (two magnets)
Vector Product:
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